Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards...

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards grew up in an atmosphere of strict puritan discipline. He became a very religious and devout believer at an early age, and excelled in academics, entering Yale University at the age of thirteen. Many years later he became the pastor of a church that grew with his teachings. His lifestyle reflected his teachings and was a well respected man. His sermons spoke directly at many people and he impacted many lives despite the monotone he used when delivering his sermon. He had a strong desire to revert back to the old strict puritan ways of living, and took part in leading a spiritual revival called the Great Awakening.†¦show more content†¦He also uses personification to further illustrate hell by describing the wrath of God as hells wide gaping mouth open (pg. 72), or describing the greatness of our wickedness that the world would spew you out (pg. 72). He also uses repetition when describing Gods wrath. He mentions is over and over again throughout the entir e sermon, giving it different horrifying descriptions each time, enough to instill fear in the hearts of his audience. Even though Edward did not include any biblical references to his sermon, he did use some biblical allusions, partly was because the puritans during that time grew up memorizing and studying the bible and did not need another reminder of certain references. Such allusions include the most hateful venomous serpent (pg. 73), which represents mans first sin, where the serpent in the Garden of Eden tempts Eve to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good an evil. Another example would be washed them from their sins in his own blood, which refers to Jesus blood when crucified on the cross that took the punishment for our sins. Another effective way that Edward structured his message was the progressive use of similes. He starts off with describing theShow MoreRelatedSinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards1780 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† was written by theologian Jonathan Edwards and is considered to be one of the most famous of all sermons because it is a common topic of debate for many people (who are in a religious setting). But, I am compelled to consider that there could be more to Edwards’ legacy and purpose than meets the eye. Jonathan Edwards was the son of a minister and a highly intelligent, willful mother (Griffin, 2007). Edwards was known for being an intellectual and profoundRead MoreJonathan Edwards And Sinners In The Hands Of An Angry God1936 Words   |  8 Pagesglorify God while we are living our lives. For over a thousand years God’s word has been preached by many faithful men who follow Him. However, there were some of those faithful men who used God’s Word and their own improvisation to convict sinners and to put their trust in God. Those times resulted in an era called the Great Awakening of the 18th century and they also put an end to the segregation era of the 20th century. Two of the faithful men during those eras were Jonathan Edwards and MartinRead MoreJonathan Edwards Essay Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God2232 Words   |  9 PagesSinners in the Hands of an Angry God Rhetorical Analysis Essay Jonathan Edwards, a famous preacher in pre-colonial times, composed a sermon that was driven to alert and inject neo Puritanical fear into an eighteenth century congregation. This Bible based and serious audience sought after religious instruction and enlightenment. Through the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards offers a very harsh interpretation to humankind. Edwards utilizes various rhetorical techniques toRead More Use of Rhetoric in Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God570 Words   |  3 PagesJuly 8th 1741, Jonathan Edwards preached the sermon â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† in Enfield, Connecticut. Edwards states to his listeners that God does not lack in power, and that people have yet not fallen to destruction because his mercy. God is so forgiving that he gives his people an opportunity to repent and change their ways before it was too late. Edwards urges that the possibility of damnation is immanent. Also that it urge ntly requires the considerations of the sinner before timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Edwards s Sinners The Hands Of An Angry God 1376 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,† Jonathan Edwards , main purpose was to scare the audience and tell them that they are doomed to spend their lives suffering from God s wrath in hell. His sermons were intended as a wake-up call for those who underplayed the majesty of a holy God and overemphasized their own worthiness as a decent, hard-working, successful citizens. Edwards believed strongly that only a genuine conversion experience should qualify a person for church membershipRead MoreSinners in the Hands of an Angry God Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesOutline 1. Introduction a. Hook - â€Å"Unconverted men walk over the pit of hell on a rotten covering.† ( A quote from Jonathan Edwards’ â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†) b. Thesis – Jonathan Edwards’s sermon portrayed Puritans as sinners of their religion through the use of rhetorical strategies such as ethos, pathos, and logos. 2. Body Points c. Body 1 i. Topic Sentence - Ethos is referred to as the trustworthiness or credibility of the speaker and theirRead MoreSinners In The Hands Of An Angry God Analysis1034 Words   |  5 PagesPuritan author Jonathan Edwards was most well known for his sermon, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†, in which he vividly described the hell waiting for all sinners. Edwards used fear tactics to get listeners to abide with what he was preaching. Jonathan Edwards uses repetition and imagery to get his point across in â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†. The most common tool used by Edwards to frighten people into believing what he was saying was repetition. Jonathan Edwards was trying toRead More Jonathan Edwards Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Edwards Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Jonathan Edwards delivered his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, in Enfield Connecticut on July 8, 1741, the year following George Whitefields preaching tour which helped inspire the Great Awakening. Weeping and emotional conviction among Edwards’ audiences came at a time of great spiritual thirst. While very foreign to mainstream American opinion today, this extraordinary message was fashioned for a people who were veryRead MoreComparing Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and Patrick Henrys Speech in the Virginia Convention: Who Made the Best Argument?739 Words   |  3 PagesJonathan Edwards creates a more effective argument for the intended audience in â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† than â€Å"The Speech in the Virginia Convention† written by Patrick Henry, by utilizing various techniques. Patrick Henry makes a strong argument however in the end, Edwards’ sermon grows to be more effective. Edwards creates the argu ment by strengthening the writing through tone, structure, fallacies and knowledge of the congregation that became his audience. Henry’s piece uses methodsRead MoreGod’s Unconditional Love vs. God’s Unending Anger Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone must accept God as their savior or they will go to hell. This is a very familiar message that is preached by Christian religious leaders in places of worship around the world. As simple as this message may seem, the way it is delivered to the people makes all the difference in either turning them into believers, or scaring them away from religion altogether. John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards were both religious leaders that lived centuries before the present time. They shared the same

The County Public Schools Set Its Sights High For The...

Gadsden County Public Schools set its sights high for the 2014-15 academic year. Faced with challenges and changes as the state transitions to new, rigorous standards and assessments, Gadsden remained steadfast to its creed of â€Å"No Excuses.† As a result, the following milestones were realized: †¢ By far Gadsden most noteworthy achievement during the 20145-15 academic year was a marked increase in the graduation rates at both of our high schools. Based on the federal four-year graduation calculations published by the Florida Department of Education, Gadsden saw nearly a 9% boost moving from 56.0% to 65.4%. †¢ Nurturing the body is just as critical as nurturing the soul, which is why the district elected to seek designation as a Florida Healthy School in 2015. Education begins with helping members in community understand the importance of nutrition, fitness, and spiritual wellness, for each of the aforementioned impacts one’s overall ability to learn. Through implementation of programs, infrastructures, and health education courses, Gadsden was recognized as a Bronze level Florida Healthy School District by the Florida Department of Education’s Safe and Healthy Schools Initiative. †¢ In August of 2015, Gadsden County’s Havana Magnet School opened its doors to more than 600 elementary and middle school students as the district’s newly renovated K-8 school. Havana Magnet School’s guiding mission is to provide a safe and conductive learning environment for all students. InShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The Inner City2575 Words   |  11 Pagesin the world, it is not immune to poverty. In 2014, 46.7 million people (15%) were in poverty in the United States. This is no small issue, and one that we as Christians are called to combat. In the United States poverty is a national problem, however, it is most prevalent in the inner cities. The inner city is defined as, â€Å"A general term for impoverished areas of large cities. The inner city is characterized by minimal educational opportunities, high unemployment and crime rates, broken familiesRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesEssential Benefits Subtitle D—Additional Consumer Protections Subtitle E—Governance Subtitle F—Relation to Other Requirements; Miscellaneous TITLE III—HEALTH INSURANCE EXCHANGE AND RELATED PROVISIONS Subtitle A—Health Insurance Exchange Subtitle B—Public Health Insurance Option Subtitle C—Individual Affordability Credits TITLE IV—SHARED RESPONSIBILITY Subtitle A—Individual Responsibility Subtitle B—Employer Responsibility TITLE V—AMENDMENTS TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1986 Subtitle A—SharedRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third EditionRead MoreEurope Economic Crisis55278 Words   |  222 PagesCOMMISSION The European Economy series contains important reports and communications from the Commission to the Council and the Parliament on the economic situation and developments, such as the Economic forecasts, the annual EU economy review and the Public ï ¬ nances in EMU report. Subscription terms are shown on the back cover and details on how to obtain the list of sales agents are shown on the inside back cover. Unless otherwise indicated, the texts are published under the responsibility of the Directorate-GeneralRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issuesRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesHoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. AllRead MoreCollin Technologies Case Study Essay examples33525 Words   |  135 PagesMalcolm  Baldrige National Quality Award Examiner Preparation Course. The fictitious case study organization is a small, high-tech manufacturer in the electronics (interconnect) industry. The case study illustrates the format and general content of an award application. However, since the case study serves primarily as a tool for training examiners to evaluate organizations against the 2013–2014 Criteria for Performance Excellence, the application does not address all Criteria requirements or demonstrate role-modelRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pages BAT Taiwan: Implementing SAP for a Strategic Transition CASE STUDY III-7 A Troubled Project at Modern Materials, Inc. CASE STUDY III-8 Purchasing and Implementing a Student Management System at Jefferson County School System CASE STUDY IV-1 The Clarion School for Boys, Inc.– Milwaukee Division: Making Information Systems Investments CASE STUDY IV-2 FastTrack IT Integration for the Sallie Mae Merger CASE STUDY IV-3 IT Infrastructure Outsourcing at Schaeffer (A): TheRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 JohnRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesclosure Closure report 4.5.1.4 Organization processes (.5) [4.5.3 4.6.3.2] 4.6.1 Administrative tasks (.3) [3.7.1, 12.4] 10.3.3.1 Lessons learned [8.3.3.4] 9.4.2.2 Individual performance appraisals Chapter 7 Managing Risk Chapter 15 Chapter 16 International Projects Oversight 11.1 Risk management process [F.8] 11.2 Identifying risks 11.3.2.2 Impact matrix 11.4 Risk assessment 11.5 Risk responses (.2–.1.2) 11.6 Risk register 7.1.2.5 PERT analysis 7.1.2.6.3 Contingency reserves

Religious Freedom in Constitution †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Religious Freedom in Constitution. Answer: Introduction: Section 116 of Australian Constitution restrict the commonwealth of Australia (Federal parliament) to make any law which establish any religion, imposing any religious observance, or prohibits any person from exercise any free religion. Section 116 also states that no religious test is required on part of qualification for any office and public trust under commonwealth. It must be noted that provisions of section 116 are based on the provisions of United States Constitution. Section 116 is drafted in more narrow part as compared to US constitution. High Court of Australia interprets this section in very narrowly, but definition of religion adopted by Court is broad and flexible in nature, and the scope of the protection is circumscribed. The result related to the approach of Court stated that no Court has ever ruled a law which contravenes section 116 of the Act, and these provisions will play minor role in the history of the Australian constitution. Among those laws which have been ruled by High Court of Australia does not contravene section 116 of the constitution such as provide government funding to religious schools, dissolution of branch related to Jehovah's Witnesses, and forcible removal of indigenous Australian childrens from their families. Almost two times, Federal government proposed amendment related to section 116, but both the times proposal was failed. As stated above protection of free exercise of religion was interpreted by High Court narrowly in their early judgments. This can be understood through case law Krygger v Williams[2]. This case was decided in 1922, and in this Court held that person could not object to compulsory military service because of the religious belief. Court further stated that this section only protects the interference of government in religious matters. There is one ore case law in which Court taken very narrow approach related to establishing any religion that is Attorney-General (Vic) (Ex rel Black) v Commonwealth[3]. In this case, court stated that there was no contravention of section 116 if commonwealth funding religious schools. This section has four corners, and the first three corners put prohibition on commonwealth from making any such law which establish any religion, impose any observance on religion, and also prohibiting free exercise of any religion. However, fourth corner of section 116 states that no religious test is required on part of qualification for any office and public trust under commonwealth. It must be noted that, court only resolves those cases which include question related to "establishing religion" and "prohibiting free exercise"[4]. This section is defined under Chapter V of the Constitution, which only deals with the states of Australia. However, it must be noted that section 116 does not apply on all the states. Each state has its own constitution, and only Tasmania has provision which is similar to section 116. While drafting this provision of the constitution in the period of 1890, religious clauses for both state and federal government were moved in and out from the document, and it becomes reason of huge debate related to freedom of religion. Because of this debate final document related to freedom of religion is found in the chapter of state[5]. The original plan was to limit the power of state for the purpose of making any provision in respect to religion[6]. However, in case of final conventions state was overturned and power to make laws regarding religion was imposed such as make any law which prohibits the discrimination on the religious ground. Conclusion: After considering above facts it is clear that Section 116 of the commonwealth of Australia constitution act states the provisions regarding not to legislate in respect of religion. Section 116 of the Constitution allows any individual who is subject to a law prohibiting the free exercise of their religion to challenge the validity of that law in the High Court. References Chapter 4- Freedom of Religion, https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwj_w-a0jtnWAhVBvI8KHa8NBB4QFghSMAYurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FParliamentary_Business%2FCommittees%2FHouse_of_Representatives_Committees%3Furl%3Djfadt%2Freligion%2Frelchap4.pdfusg=AOvVaw0FAXi-t-oac8CJzMbVpF7F, Accessed on 5th October 2017. CEFA, (2015). Religious freedom in the Constitution, https://www.cefa.org.au/ccf/religious-freedom-constitution, Accessed on 5th October 2017. Anthony Gray. Religious Freedom and Section 116 of the Australian Constitution: Would a Banning of the Hijab or Burqa Be Constitutionally Valid?, https://forumonpublicpolicy.com/vol2011.no2/archivevol2011.no2/gray.pdf, Accessed on 5th October 2017.

The Nervous System Essay Example

The Nervous System Essay The Nervous System is a complex System that has been broken into two major sections. One is the Central Nervous System also known as the CNS. This system consists of the brain and the Spinal cord. The second system is the Peripheral Nervous System which is known as the PNS. The PNS consist of all the other neural elements. The CNS and PNS work together to play a major role in the control of behavior. They receive and respond to the elements in the external and internal environment that’ll cause a nervous response. The CNS represents the largest part of the nervous system. The complete CNS is in the dorsal cavity the brain sits in the cranial sub cavity which is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is in the spinal cavity that is protected by the vertebrae. The nerves in the spinal cord carry messages to and from the brain. This system is for information processing where the motor output is computed to the response of the sensory input. The brain receives messages through the CNS and the PNS through special neurons. Each message travels to the brain or the spinal cord. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nervous System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Nervous System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Nervous System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Messages received through the spinal cord causes a response to the stimuli (elements in the external and internal environment strong enough to cause a nervous reaction) that does not cause any interpretation. The stimuli that are then received in the brain causes the response. The response is generated through the sense organs that interact with the 5 senses (hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting and touching). There are also general senses that are associated with the 5 senses, they are: pressure sense (sensed by the pressure receptors beneath the skin), Temperature senses (for the hot and the cold. This sends messages through the nerves to the brain), touch senses (receptors called tactile corpuscles), and the sense of pain (this is a protectant against something being wrong) these receptors for the general senses are found in the skin, muscles, joints and the internal and external organs. The PNS is subdivided into the sensory Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The sensory somatic system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The cranial nerves all send and respond to the different nerves in the system. The olfactory (sensory) nerve is for smell, the optic nerve (sensory) is for vision, oculomotor (motor) nerve controls the eye lid and the eyeball muscles. Thetrochlear (motor) nerve is strictly for the eyeball muscles. The trigeminal nerve (mixed) is for facial and mouth sensations also for chewing. Abducens nerve (motor) is for eyeball movement. Facial nerve (mixed) is for taste and facial muscles and salivary glands. Aditory (sensory) controls the hearing and balance. Glossopharyngeal (mixed) for taste and swallowing functions. Vagus (mixed)is the main nerve of the parasmpathetic nervous system this motor is for swallowing and movement of the head and shoulders. The tongue muscles are controlled by the Hypoglossal nerves (motor). The Spinal nerves are mixed with both sensory and motor neurons. When exposed to the environment all conscious and motor activity deals with and operates through the Sensory somatic division. The Autonomic Nervous System consists of both sensory and motor neurons the travel between the CNS. The internal organs that are associated with the nervous system are the heart, the lungs, the viscera and the glands. This system is responsible for the monitoring conditions of the internal environment. The autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. With the release of adrenaline into the blood ensures that all the cells of the body will be exposed to the sympathetic stimulation even if no postganglionic neurons reach them directly. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for violent activity and the parasympathetic system reverses these changes when the danger is over. The PNS is not protected by bone so that leaves it exposed to mechanical injuries. There are many disorders associated with nervous system such as vascular (stroke and hematoma’s), infections (meningitis and polio), structural (brain and spinal injury), functional (headache’s and epilepsy), degeneration (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s). The signs and symptoms to look for are head aches, loss of feeling, sudden loss of sight, memory loss, tremors, seizers and back pain that radiates to the feet, toes and other body parts. As you can see the nervous system play’s a large part in your day to day life. It keeps you moving, functioning and sending messages trying to protect you from the day to day incidents by using your sensory and you motor abilities. This part of the body should definitely be taken care of and kept out of harms way.

fast fish loose fish essays

fast fish loose fish essays In chapter 89, Melville continues to provide more knowledge of the whaling industry, furthermore comparing it to certain things in life. The chapter deals with the definitions of a fast fish and a loose fish. These definitions have a double meaning because they are not only referred to in terms of whaling but also on a complex level with life. In the previous chapter, Schools and Schoolmasters, two types of schools are discussed, one, which is composed entirely of female whales and the other of young bull whales. Following Fast Fish Loose Fish is a chapter called Heads or Tails. This chapter is also another informative chapter in which Ishmael relates another law about the possession of whaling. The chapter suggests the impossibility of knowing the future like the heads and tails. In chapter 89, Melville for the very first time allows the reader to feel a part of the book. Melville asks continual questions about the readers life as a fast fish or a loose fish or even both, yet at th e same time, providing information related to the political laws of whaling of the world. Melville explains that the laws of whaling derived not from a formal code but from the customs, practices, and understandings of the whalers themselves. The only formal whaling code authorized was that of Holland. The laws were so tersely comprehensive that Melville states, they might be engraven on a Queen Annes farthing, or the barb of a harpoon, and worn round the neck, so small are they.(393) He then continues on discussing the peculiar cases about the possession of whales previously chased or killed by another party. Melville claims it is despicable and outrageous moral injustice in doing such acts. An England case is mentioned in which the possession of a whale is argued over, and is compared to a case about a lady being harpooned and abandoned becoming a loose fish. Melville is strongly against the laws of po...

Hall Surname Meaning and Origin

Hall Surname Meaning and Origin The Hall surname has several possible derivations, including geographic, descriptive, and occupational: A place name derived from various words for hall or spacious house, usually used to signify someone who lived in or worked in a large hall or manor house. From  the Middle English hall,  Old English heall, Middle High German halle and  Old Norse holl.From the Norse hale and Anglo-Saxon haele, meaning hero.Possibly an old Norse word for boulder, slope, thus meaning someone who lived on a slope.Possibly from the Norwegian hallr, meaning flint. Hall is the 30th most popular surname in the United States and the 20th most common in England. Surname Origin:  English, Scottish, Irish, German, Scandinavian Alternate Surname Spellings:  HALLE, HAALL, HAUL, HAULL, HAWL, HOLL Famous People With the Last Name HALL Lloyd Augustus Hall - Chemist and inventorDonald Hall - poetCharles Martin Hall - inventor of the aluminum manufacturing processJoyce Hall - founder of Hallmark CardsG. Stanley Hall - American psychologist;  established the concept of child psychology and founded Clark University.Arsenio Hall -  American actor, comedian, and first black late-night talk show host Genealogy Resources for the HALL Surname 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Common English Surnames Their MeaningsExplore the meanings and origins of the 100 most common English surnames. The Hall DNA ProjectOver 170 Hall descendants have donated their DNA toward the goal of learning more about Hall ancestors worldwide. The Hall Genealogy WebsiteThis site collects genealogy information related to HALL descendants worldwide, although the major focus is on Halls from the island of Great Britain. FamilySearch - HALL GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Hall surname and its variations. HALL Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Hall surname. DistantCousin.com - HALL Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Hall. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Analytic Hierarchy Process artical review and comparison Essay

Analytic Hierarchy Process artical review and comparison - Essay Example According to the article, a business process strategy is designed in such a way that success is achieved in the financial sector of the organization, in satisfying the requirements of the customer, in successfully implementing the internal operations of the organization as well as in managing the human resources of the organization. In order to achieve success in these perspectives, there is an essential need for choosing an efficient program that promotes an improvement in the business process. The process of making such a choice is the area where AHP comes into action. Since the context of the business process is liable to change according to the needs of the organization, it is important to choose a method that is reliable in the longer run of the organization. (David, Kendrick & Saaty, 2007) This is where years of experiments done by Tom Saaty come for help in the form of AHP. According to his perspectives, AHP is advantageous in the following ways: AHP is designed in such a way that it allows the management to make high valued strategic decisions and its hierarchical design allows them to develop measuring techniques that determine the differences observed in the strategic alignment. Priorities are assigned not by taking the financial considerations alone, but also including the perspectives of the other stakeholders.

A Vision of Collaboration and Scholarly Community Research Paper

A Vision of Collaboration and Scholarly Community - Research Paper Example All stakeholders, including representatives of the parents, teachers, administration, the board members, and the educational leaders should develop a mutual consensus to develop a shared vision statement. For example, a survey should be conducted to know the demands and vision of the parents. In the survey, the parents should reveal what they want from the educational institute, as well as their viewpoints about the learning environment. Similarly, teachers’ representatives should also be interviewed to know their viewpoints about the creation of an interactive teaching and learning environment, as well as to get their viewpoints about the ultimate goal of the institute. Moreover, the board members should also reveal what they want to achieve and the ways to achieve those goals. For example, if they want to move the institute to the top ranks and through providing quality education to the students, then their vision statement should read like ‘To be the premier provider of education through the highest quality of learning and teaching standards’. After knowing the viewpoints of all stakeholders, a focused group discussion should be arranged in which the educational leader should put forward the viewpoints of all stakeholders on the table for discussion, analysis, and creation of a shared vision on which all stakeholders should agree. This is the way through which an educational leader can be successful in creating a shared vision among the stakeholders of the institute.

Sources of Power Essay Example for Free

Sources of Power Essay Power is very important in any organization whether it’s in the public or private sector. A person’s title or position determines the level of power they have to change policies and/or organizational structures. The ability to convince others, to lead others to your own conclusion, to use logic and facts to make people believe you are right. Power is a possessive word that possesses authority above others. The author of 5 Sources of Power in an Organization by Paul Merchant states†¦five sources of power, namely: coercive, referent, legitimate, expert and reward power. Legitimate Power Legitimate power is also considered positional power because a person’s position determines the amount of power they have. Every job position in an organization requires that there are employees of many levels, and that a lower level employee reports to a higher level manager. A great leader should be prepared to deal with their employees in various aspects as all employees are not the same. A greater leader earns the respect of its employees or team member by proving their worth and their ability to lead and manage well. Merchant states, Legitimate power is also known as positional power. Its derived from the position a person holds in an organizations hierarchy. An example of legitimate power is that held by a companys CEO. Expert power An expert in a subject matter is knowledgeable and can be a resource to those that are looking for pertinent information to complete a task. This source of power ties into the meaning of legitimate power. Those whom have earned the power are most certainly experts. As expressed by Merchant; Possession of expert power is normally a stepping stone to other sources of power such as legitimate power. For example, a person who holds expert power can be promoted to senior management, thereby giving him legitimate power. Referent Power Merchant speaks of referent power and refers to this type of power as, in other words, power achieved â€Å"by association†. Referent power is derived from the interpersonal relationships that a person cultivates with other people in the organization. People possess reference power when others respect and like them. Referent power arises from charisma, as the charismatic person influences others via the admiration, respect and trust others have for her. Referent power is also derived from personal connections that a person has with key people in the organizations hierarchy, such as the CEO. Its the perception of the personal relationships that she has that generates her power over others. Coercive Power Coercive power is a source of modern day bullying in the workplace. Some managers enjoy this type of power because they are not concerned about having a harmonious work environment, but rather a hostile one. Coercion is used to control. An example used by Merchant is a persons ability to influence others via threats, punishments or sanctions. A junior staff member may work late to meet a deadline to avoid disciplinary action from his boss. Reward Power Everyone loves to be acknowledged and rewarded for great work, and many people would love to be rewarded monetarily. This source of power can be a blessing and curse depending on how it’s used. If it is used fairly then it can be a great incentive but if not then it will create a hostile or chaotic environment within an organization. Reward power arises from the ability of a person to influence the allocation of incentives in an organization. These incentives include salary increments, positive appraisals and promotions. In an organization, people who wield reward power tend to influence the actions of other employees. Constituent Group: NAACP The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Color People) is a constituent group that fights for civil rights. This organization has been in existence for over one hundred years. This nonprofit organization generates funds primarily through membership dues as well as corporate and individual donations. The NAACP has a lot of power mainly legitimate power. There are committee members from all work backgrounds. The NAACP uses its power to fight for the right of the protected class (African American). A local issue in Houston, TX is they are fighting to keep a predominantly black school district open that is a low performing school district. Another issue that is more recent is the potential closure of a middle school in the Houston area in the largest school district in Houston that happens to be in the predominantly black area. Public Influence The NAACP has had tremendous influence on the public decisions. Over a year ago the Region 4 TEA (Teacher Education Agency) of Texas recommended that the previously mentioned school district North Forest Independent School district closes permanently because of its low performance throughout the years. The NAACP along with various other community leaders was able to convince school leaders to keep the school district open to allow the chance for improvement. Now this district faces closure again, but the community leaders along with the NAACP say that they will fight tooth and nail to keep this low performing district open. Power is an important thing for leaders to have. Some use it well to their advantage and some abuse it. Many politicians and public figures use their power to launder money and for their benefit; which is totally inappropriate. The type of power one uses determines on the outcome of their followers. Leaders and managers must know how to lead and manage to be successful. Those characteristics are important to have in order for one to be successful. Power is very important in any organization whether it’s in the public or private sector. A person’s title or position determines the level of power they have to change policies and/or organizational structures. The ability to convince others, to lead others to your own conclusion, to use logic and facts to make people believe you are right. Power is a possessive word that possesses authority above others. The author of 5 Sources of Power in an Organization by Paul Merchant states†¦five sources of power, namely: coercive, referent, legitimate, expert and reward power.

Essay --

In today's society, a certain type of look can be the explanation on how and why someone gets noticed for a modeling contract or a movie role. In this century, everything is better, gaudier, and much more enchanting than before so why would women not want to be the girl on television who has everything she desired? These women, depending on their looks, can play a variety of roles on television; the villain, the geek, the social climber, and the girl next door. But what do they all have in common? Their beauty. These women that are seen on television are gorgeous, skinny, and mainly Caucasian. When we see these different types of women on the screen, we attempt to emulate them and the television shows know this because it boosts their ratings. Honestly, how many people will continue to watch a show where it was about someone's life and it wasn't successful because of the way the leading lady looked like? On the other hand, the female stereotypes continue to go on in the media we wi tness every day. The media's representation of women plays a significant role on the effects of self esteem and body image issues. When you watch television, you see women selling everything from clothes to cars because of their body image. The portrayal of women as sex symbols has been around for a very long time. But, what was considered as 'attractive' has changed. Take Marilyn Monroe as an example. She was, and still is considered, one of the biggest sex symbols of the past generation, but she "wore a dress size fourteen" (Gender Roles and the Media) while the models of this generation who are over a size five are considered plus-size. Saying what being beautiful is can make people do extreme things to be what the media considers acceptable. Th... ...but women are now the super moms, the CEO's of a major corporation. Women as a whole are clearly ditching the dainty housewife look and are now entering the workforce head on. Women's role in the media are undoubtedly changing just like in everyday life. Television shows have to be relatable to their audience. So if their audience is a woman in her 30's-40's, it makes sense for the show to have a working mother as the main character. Even though there have been developments made in the media, there are still many negative characteristics concerning women's role in the media. Gender roles still take place in the media. For example, when you see commercials it is principally middle-aged women trying to sell you cleaning products but men can be seen promoting things like beer and sports cars. It's just a subliminal message to show us where our roles are in society.

Ge Transformation Case Study Jack Welch Notes

GE Transformation notes: Founded in 1878 Focus on Communication: Used initiatives such as training programs to increase communication Organizational Culture:   Welch’s Core Idea: the only way to shift a company’s culture is to change the habitual thinking and behavior of its fast-track executives. Initiatives * Work Out * Began 1988 * Groups of 40-100 employees involved * Removing unnecessary bureaucratic work out of the system * By 1992 200,000 GE employees participated in Work-out Began as a driving force for improving productivity and became a tool for cultural change. Best Practices * Program to Increase Productivity * Focus more on how things got done rather than what got done * Focused on customer satisfaction *These two initiatives helped refine GE’s organizational culture, characterized by speed, simplicity and self-confidence. * Globalization * 1986- corporate executive council meeting during * 1987- GE agreed to exchange consumer electronics business for the French medical imaging business. 1989- Welch appointed Paolo Fresco as head of international operations in 1992. * 1998- International revenues at $42. 8 billion. Company expected to do almost half its business outside the USA by year 2000. Global Best Practices Program opened communication channel for GE with outside companies * Session C HR planning * Adapted HR system to his goals, and began keeping tabs on upper management. GE management expected feedback, which they used as the basis for coaching and developing their staff.Increased communication between CEO, and top managers, increased communication between top managers and lower employees, became means for training of new employees * Crotonville Management Development Facility * Managers learn about GE, and experience debating and problem solving Used as a hub for communications * 360 ° Feedback process * Became means for training needs, coaching opportunities, and career planning. * â€Å"A Players† Managers with vision, leadership, energy, and courage * Performance Appraisal System: Managers rated employees on a scale of 1-5, 5 being the lowest on effectiveness * All 5’s were to be let go, and all 1’s were to be rewarded with stock options, and higher promotional probability * In the new culture, role of the leader is to express a vision, get a buy-in and implement it. Increased feedback communication and expectations in the organization * Boundaryless Behavior * Purpose was to strengthen GE ‘s individual Business. There would be no distinction between domestic and foreign operation. Remove labels which get in the way of working together. Eliminated unnecessary communication filters, encouraged input from every employee, open communication channels gave employees the ability to speak about their concerns. Eliminated middle management that stood in the way of direct communication * Stretch * Created an atmosphere that asked everyone â€Å"How good can you be? † * Managers not held accountable for these goals, but were reward for achieving them. Mid 1990’s established as part of GE’s culture, stretch targets increased employee values, attitudes and confidence. Service Businesses * Reduce dependence on traditional industrial products Changed internal mindsets from selling products to â€Å"helping our customer win† * Six Sigma Quality Initiative * Learned the program from Lawrence Bossidy (left GE in 1991) who borrowed it from Motorola, which improved quality for AlliedSignal Inc. * Goal was to increase quality * 30,000 Six Sigma projects were initiated in 1998 Required change in culture of the organization: employees would need technical training, and there was need of communication of the importance to the company’s strategic objectives.

Meaning of Life and Greatness Essay

â€Å"We are very near to greatness: one step and we are safe ; can we not make that leap? † – Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson speaks of a greatness that I believe is inherent in every human being. It may sometimes feel like it is jus beyond the reach of your fingers; just outside the bounds of your imagination. You may feel like you are on the verge of some monumental breakthrough, but for some reason that change doesn’t occur. Greatness is not something that you try to attain through some specific avenue, or any specialized field of work, but rather a quality within yourself that you need only become aware of. It cannot be measured by possessions, financial status, or even certain achievements that society deems to be great. I can only attempt to convey the meaning of greatness by describing the effects of its presence in your life. Each day is met with a sense of purpose, as is each action within that day. Joy and hapiness are your predominant emotions, and are produced from a sense of peace within. You have the ability to manifest your desires, and the direction of your life is dictated by your imagination, rather than what appears to be going on around you. Thinking abundantly, you are more focused on giving rather than receiving, for you know that it is in giving you receive. You see greatness in everyone, because to see it within yourself, you must recognize it in others. We live in a world where people expect things outside of themselves to bring them fulfillment. This can only lead to a feeling of emptiness, and constant striving. You must affirm your greatness to yourself. This is not an affirmation from the standpoint that you are superior to others, but from the recogntion of a power that runs through all existence. See yourself as great , and great things will begin to appear in your life.

Research report on California Vehicle code 10851 essays

Research report on California Vehicle code 10851 essays The topic I chose for research and to become further knowledgeable on is the crime known as grand theft auto or the California State Code 10851. Furthermore, Ill be explaining issues such as the statute as it reads verbatim, legislative intent, cases dealing with the code, the social impact the law has had on society, and my personal opinion of the statute. Moving along, I define the California State Code of grand theft auto as it reads exactly in the state law. It says: 10851. Unlawful driving or taking of vehicle without consent of owner (a) Any person who drives or takes a vehicle not his or her own, without the consent of the owner thereof, and with intent either to permanently or temporarily deprive the owner thereof of his or her title to or possession of the vehicle, whether with or without intent to steal the vehicle, or any person who is a party or an accessory to or an accomplice in the driving or unauthorized taking or stealing, is guilty of a public offense and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year or in the state prison or by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars ($ 5,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment. (b) If the vehicle is (1) an ambulance, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 165, (2) a distinctively marked vehicle of a law enforcement agency or fire department, taken while the ambulance or vehicle is on an emergency call and this fact is known to the person driving or taking, or any person who is party or an accessory to or an accomplice in the driving or unauthorized taking or stealing, or (3) a vehicle which has been modified for the use of a disabled veteran or any other disabled person and which displays a distinguishing license plate or placard issued pursuant to Section 22511.5 or 22511.9 and this fact is known or should reasonably have been known to the person driving or taking, or any person...

Mexico CitysTlatelolco Massacre

Mexico City'sTlatelolco Massacre One of the ugliest and most tragic incidents in the modern history of Latin America took place on Oct. 2, 1968, when hundreds of unarmed Mexicans, most of them student protesters, were gunned down by government police and Mexican army forces in a gruesome bloodbath that still haunts Mexicans. Background For months preceding the incident, protesters, again most of them students, had been taking to the streets to bring the attention of the world to Mexicos repressive government, led by President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz. The protesters were demanding autonomy for universities, the firing of the police chief and the release of political prisoners. Dà ­az Ordaz, in an effort to stop the protests, had ordered the occupation of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the countrys largest university, in Mexico City. Student protesters saw the upcoming 1968 Summer Olympics, to be held in Mexico City, as the perfect way to bring their issues to a worldwide audience. The Tlatelolco Massacre   On the day of Oct.2, thousands of students marched throughout the capital, and around nightfall, about 5,000 of them congregated at La Plaza de Las Tres Culturas in the district of Tlatelolco for what was expected to be another peaceful rally. But armored cars and tanks quickly surrounded the plaza, and the police began firing into the crowd. Estimates of casualties vary from the official line of four dead and 20 wounded into the thousands, although most historians place the number of casualties somewhere between 200 and 300. Some of the protesters managed to get away, while others took refuge in homes and apartments surrounding the square. A door-to-door search by authorities yielded some of these protesters. Not all of the victims of the Tlatelolco Massacre were protesters; many were simply passing through and in the wrong place at the wrong time. The Mexican government immediately claimed that security forces had been fired upon first and that they were only shooting in self-defense. Whether the security forces fired first or the protesters incited the violence is a question that remains unanswered decades later. Lingering Effects In recent years, however, changes in government have made it possible for a closer look into the reality of the massacre. The then-minister of the interior, Luà ­s Echeverrà ­a Alvarez, was indicted on genocide charges in 2005 in connection with the incident, but the case was later thrown out. Movies and books about the incident have come out, and interest is high in Mexicos Tiananmen Square. Today, its still a powerful subject in Mexican life and politics, and many Mexicans see it as the beginning of the end for the dominant political party, PRI, and also the day the Mexican people stopped trusting their government.

Future Factors associated with Combined Operations Essay

Future Factors associated with Combined Operations - Essay Example The efficiency of a combined arms operations is partially, if not entirely, dependent on the present and futuristic power of weaponry. This is a significant influence of the choice of methods that we implement in crushing the enemy. The ideal purpose of combined operations is to bring the joint groups together through a huge focused explosion of quick operations in selective segments. The nature of the hierarchy of the command and control over an opponent assist in creating conducive conditions to war success. It is of profound importance to give priority to the development and methodology of command systems and control due to it being the most feasible way of raising combat power and efficiency. "Improving preparation and training standards for command and control agencies on the operational level involves the resolution of a number of other complex problems arising from the command and control target per se, the diversity and dynamics of its internal and external connections, the continual structural development of the Armed Forces, the composition and functions of certain sub-systems, the substantial changes in the nature and methods of combat, the evolution of new means of warfare, a considerable expansion in the sphere of information warfare, and the need for close interaction with the formations of other military, law enforcement, security, and intelligence structures (Thefreelibrary, 2005)". Definition of capability objectives The authoritative guidelines are formed using these objectives resulting is a top-down approach. The emphasis then lies on those capabilities of a 3C that enable war combating and support missions. Strategy, Mission, Function and C3 are the four levels of capability levels. These objectives are derived from linking policy and military strategy, military requirements, forces and doctrine, and threat together for a common goal. Maintenance of standard with operations strategy concepts, mirroring of operational priorities and the weighing of overall performance can be done using this approach. The primary advantage of implementing system compatibility is to simplify the essential elements of communications. "There are schematics published that have implemented recommendations for C3 systems that could be procured. They produce implementation plans for a survivable, cost-effective capability that reflects the U.S. and allied missions and functions required to perform combined operations (Maurer, 1994)." In the uncertain environment of coalition operations, the information flow might be more confusing and difficult to winnow because of lack of familiarity and trust, cultural biases, and language barriers (Maurer 1994).

LEGAL STUDIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LEGAL STUDIES - Essay Example ..†1 Therefore, it was his duty to preserve the information received by him by fax as secret. Being a civil servant, he must have had some experience in making difference between secret information and public one. Geoffrey might be found guilty under subsection 1, Section3 of the Act (1) as being â€Å"A person who is or has been a Crown servant or government contractor is guilty of an offence if without lawful authority he makes a damaging disclosure of—(a)any information, document or other article relating to international relations.† Geoffrey told his wife Jean about the information in the fax without lawful authority, as required by the law. According to Section 7 of the Act For the purposes of this Act, authorized disclosure is defined as â€Å"a disclosure by a Crown servant is made with lawful authority if, and only if, it is made in accordance with his official duty.† Geoffrey did not have the necessary authorization to disclose that kind of informa tion and therefore, he should have kept it to himself. On the other hand, Geoffrey might have not known that this information was secret, as the case description speaks about a secret agreement between Government ministers and the United Nations that no exact figures would be given as to the number involved. Therefore, he might raise the defence provided by the Official Secrets Act 1989, in Section 3, subsection (4), which stipulates that: â€Å"It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he did not know, and had no reasonable cause to believe, that the information, document or article in question was such as is mentioned in subsection (1) above or that its disclosure would be damaging within the meaning of that subsection.† If Geoffrey can prove that he was not aware that the information was confidential and its disclosure would be damaging, he might avoid being held liable for disclosing it. On the other hand, by telling his wife, whom he, of course, knew that is a journalist, it must have occurred to his mind that his wife, as any journalist, might use that information in her own interest and make it public. I believe that Geoffrey, as a Crown servant, should have acted with caution as regards the information and find out if it is secret or not before passing it to other parties. His wife, on the other hand, might be held liable for publishing this information under Section 5 of the Act, within the provisions of which she might fall. Section 5 (2) stipulates that: â€Å"Subject to subsections (3) and (4) below, the person into whose possession the information, document or article has come is guilty of an offence if he discloses it without lawful authority knowing, or having reasonable cause to believe, that it is protected against disclosure by the foregoing provisions of this Act and that it has come into his possession as mentioned in subsection (1) above.† So, unle ss the disclosure was not damaging, Jean can be held liable under the Act. This is the case of the information passed to Jean by her husband, as he entrusted her that information, in accordance with Subsection 1, Section 5 of the Act. Geoffrey should have warned his wife about the importance of the information and the necessity to keep it secret. This is applicable, unless Geoffrey intentionally told his wife about t

Provider- Patient Relationship (CASE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Provider- Patient Relationship (CASE) - Essay Example How do health care professionals find the balance to make decisions that honor, both, patient confidentiality and other ethical obligations like reporting a potential crime. It is, often, not an easy decision to make. Imagine yourself as an E.R. physician and a patient arrives who has, according to his companions, ingested a large quantity of illegal drugs. He does not wish to be treated, however, his companions feel that he is mentally impaired by his drug use and should be treated regardless. It is absolutely true that while under the influence of intoxicants one may not be capable of the best possible judgment, however, that may not be true in every case. If one is capable of understanding the consequences of his or her decision regarding receiving treatment and the potential outcomes of refusing it then it would be unethical to disregard their personal choice not to receive medical care. In the case provided the patient was deemed capable of understanding the situation and was allowed to leave without receiving treatment. Ethically, however, if the patient had not been successful in being evaluated as capable of making his own decisions then treatment would and should be administered despite their objections, or at least until they achieve a more competent mental state; for example the effect of the drugs wears off. In the second scenario we are presented with a woman that has admitted to be unable to retrieve a condom filled with an illegal narcotic substance from her vagina. In this case the ethical decision required by the healthcare professional is not so easy. There is the health of the patient, but the patient’s potential medical condition was caused in the process of committing a crime. In this case the decision that seems to create amiable solution results from treating the patient, without contacting law enforcement, and then if drugs were

Leukopenia And Leukemia Risk Factors Biology Essay

Leukopenia And Leukemia Risk Factors Biology Essay A clinical condition, known as leukopenia occasionally occurs in which the bone marrow produces very few white blood cells, leaving the body unprotected against many bacteria and other agents that might invade the tissues. Normally, the human body lives in symbiosis with many bacteria, because all the mucous membranes of the body are constantly exposed to large numbers of bacteria. The mouth almost always contains various spirochetal, pneumococcal, and streptococcal bacteria, and these same bacteria are present to a lesser extent in the entire respiratory tract. The distal gastrointestinal tract is especially loaded with colon bacilli. Furthermore, one can always find bacteria on the surfaces of the eyes, urethra, and vagina. Any decrease in the number of white blood cells immediately allows invasion of adjacent tissues by bacteria that are already present. Within 2 days after the bone marrow stops producing white blood cells, ulcers may appear in the mouth and colon, or the person might develop some form of severe respiratory infection. Bacteria from the ulcers rapidly invade surrounding tissues and the blood. Without treatment, death often ensues in less than a week after acute total leukopenia begins. Irradiation of the body by x-rays or gamma rays, or exposure to drugs and chemicals that contain benzene or anthracene nuclei, is likely to cause aplasia of the bone marrow. Indeed, some common drugs, such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic), thiouracil (used to treat thyrotoxicosis), and even various barbiturate hypnotics, on very rare occasions cause leukopenia, thus setting off the entire infectious sequence of this malady. After moderate irradiation injury to the bone marrow, some stem cells, myeloblasts, and hemocytoblasts may remain undestroyed in the marrow and are capable of regenerating the bone marrow, provided sufficient time is available. A patient properly treated with transfusions, plus antibiotics and other drugs to ward off infection, usually develops enough new bone marrow within weeks to months for blood cell concentrations to return to normal. Leukemia Leukemia is a cancer of one class of white blood cells in the bone marrow, which results in the proliferation of that cell type to the exclusion of other types. Leukemia appears to be a clonal disorder, meaning one abnormal cancerous cell proliferates without control, producing an abnormal group of daughter cells. These cells prevent other blood cells in the bone marrow from developing normally, causing them to accumulate in the marrow. Because of these factors, leukemia is called an accumulation and a clonal disorder. Eventually, leukemic cells take over the bone marrow. This reduces blood levels of all nonleukemic cells, causing the many generalized symptoms of leukemia. Types of Leukemia Leukemia is described as acute or chronic, depending on the suddenness of appearance and how well differentiated the cancerous cells are. The cells of acute leukemia are poorly differentiated, whereas those of chronic leukemia are usually well differentiated. Leukemia is also described based on the proliferating cell type. For instance, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common childhood leukemia, describes a cancer of a primitive lymphocyte cell line. Granulocytic leukemias are leukemias of the eosinophils, neutrophils, or basophils. Leukemia in adults is usually chronic lymphocytic or acute myeloblastic. Long-term survival rates for leukemia depend on the involved cell type, but range to more than 75% for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia, which is a remarkable statistic for what was once a nearly always fatal disease. Risk Factors for Developing Leukemia Risk factors for leukemia include a genetic predisposition coupled with a known or unknown initiator (mutating) event. Siblings of children with leukemia are 2 to 4 times more likely to develop the disease than other children. Certain abnormal chromosomes are seen in a high percentage of patients with leukemia. Likewise, individuals with certain chromosomal abnormalities, including Down syndrome, have an increased risk of developing leukemia. Exposures to radiation, some drugs that depress the bone marrow, and various chemotherapeutic agents have been suggested to increase the risk of leukemia. Environmental agents such as pesticides and certain viral infections also have been implicated. Previous illness with a variety of diseases associated with hematopoiesis (blood cell production) has been shown to increase the risk of leukemia. These diseases include Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, sideroblastic anemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Chronic leukemia may sometimes transform into acute leukemia. Clinical Manifestations Acute leukemia has marked clinical manifestations. Chronic leukemia progresses slowly and may have few symptoms until advanced. Pallor and fatigue from anemia. Frequent infections caused by a decrease in white blood cells. Bleeding and bruising caused by thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders. Bone pain caused by accumulation of cells in the marrow, which leads to increased pressure and cell death. Unlike growing pains, bone pain related to leukemia is usually progressive. Weight loss caused by poor appetite and increased caloric consumption by neoplastic cells. Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly caused by leukemic cell infiltration of these lymphoid organs may develop. Central nervous system symptoms may occur. Diagnostic Tools Laboratory findings include alterations in specific blood cell counts, with overall elevation or deficiency in white blood cell count variable, depending on the type of cell affected. Bone marrow tests demonstrate clonal proliferation and blood cell accumulation. Cerebral spinal fluid is examined to rule out central nervous system involvement. Complications Children who survive leukemia have an increased risk of developing a new malignancy later on in life when compared to children who have never had leukemia, most likely related to the aggressiveness of chemotherapeutic (or radiological) regimens. Treatment regimens, including bone marrow transplant, are associated with temporary bone marrow depression, and increase the risk of developing a severe infection that could lead to death. Even with successful treatment and remission, leukemic cells may still persist, suggesting residual disease. Implications for prognosis and cure are unclear. Treatment Multiple drug chemotherapy. Antibiotics to prevent infection. Transfusions of red blood cells and platelets to reverse anemia and prevent bleeding. Bone marrow transplant may successfully treat the disease. Blood products and broad spectrum antibiotics are provided during bone marrow transplant procedures to fight and prevent infection. Immunotherapy, including interferons and other cytokines, is used to improve outcome. Therapy may be more conservative for chronic leukemia. The treatments described earlier may contribute to the symptoms by causing further bone marrow depression, nausea, and vomiting. Nausea and vomiting may be controlled or reduced by pharmacologic and behavioral intervention. Anthocyanins (chemicals with known antioxidant and liver protecting properties) isolated from the plant Hibiscus sabdariffa are being studied as chemopreventive agents in that they cause cancer cell apoptosis (death) in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Anemia Anemia is a condition in which there is a reduced number of red blood cells or decreased concentration of hemoglobin in those cells or both. Anemia is often a manifestation of some disease process or abnormality within the body. Although there are many causes of anemia, the actual mechanism by which the anemia results is generally due to (1) excess loss or destruction of red blood cells and (2) reduced or defective production of red blood cells. Anemias may be classified according to cause or effect on red cell morphology Size changes Normocytic anemia RBC size is unchanged Example: Blood loss anemia Macrocytic anemia RBC size is increased Example: B12/folic acid deficiency anemia Microcytic anemia RBC size is reduced Example: Iron deficiency anemia Color changes (due to altered hemoglobin content) Normochromic Normal hemoglobin concentration Hypochromic Reduced hemoglobin concentration Example: Iron deficiency anemia may be classified as a microcytic, hypochromic anemia as both red blood cell size and hemoglobin content are reduced General manifestations of anemia A major feature of anemia is a reduced capacity for the transport of oxygen to tissues. This reduced oxygen delivery can result in the following: Ischemia Fatigability Breathlessness upon exertion Exercise intolerance Pallor Increased susceptibility to infection Types of anemia Hemolytic anemia Anemia that results from excess destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis). Factors that may cause hemolysis include the following: Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells Certain drugs (example: quinine) or toxins Cancers such as lymphoma and leukemia Rheumatoid arthritis Certain viral infections (parvovirus) Parasitic infections (malaria) Blood loss anemia Anemia that results from acute blood loss. With acute loss of large amounts of blood, shock is the major concern. With chronic loss of smaller amounts of blood, iron deficiency is a chief concern. Causes of acute and chronic blood loss may include the following: Trauma and hemorrhage Malignancy Peptic ulcers Iron-deficiency anemia Iron-deficiency anemia is a major cause of anemia worldwide. It can occur as a result of iron-deficient diets. Vegetarians are at particular risk for iron deficiency as are menstruating or pregnant women due to increased requirement for iron. Iron-deficiency anemia may also result from poor absorption of iron from the intestine or persistent blood loss (e.g., ulcers, neoplasia). Because iron is the functional component of hemoglobin, lack of available iron will result in a decreased hemoglobin synthesis and subsequent impairment of red blood cell oxygen-carrying capacity. Cobalamin-deficiency or folate-deficiency anemia Cobalamin (vitamin B 12) and folic acid are essential nutrients required for DNA synthesis and red cell maturation, respectively. Deficiency of these nutrients will lead to the formation of red blood cells that are of abnormal shape with shortened life spans due to weakened cell membranes. One important cause of vitamin B 12 deficiency is pernicious anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor production by the gastric mucosa. Intrinsic factor is required for normal absorption of vitamin B 12 from the intestine. Any intestinal abnormalities (e.g., neoplasia, inflammation) that interfere with the production of intrinsic factor can lead to vitamin B 12 deficiency. Folic acid deficiency most commonly results from poor diet, malnutrition or intestinal malabsorption. Inherited anemia Anemia may also result from genetic defects in red blood cell structure or function. Two common genetic disorders of erythrocytes are sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Both of these disorders result from abnormal or absent genes for the production of hemoglobin. Sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production. In the United States the highest prevalence of sickle cell disease is in blacks with a reported incidence of approximately 1 in 500 births. Sickle cell disease has several patterns of inheritance that determine the severity of the disease in afflicted individuals. In the homozygous form of the disease, most of the hemoglobin formed is defective and the clinical presentation is most severe. With the heterozygous form of the disease, less than half of the red cell hemoglobin is affected and the presentation is significantly milder. Individuals may also inherit the sickle cell trait and be carriers of the defective hemoglobin gene without significant clinical manifestations. Manifestations of sickle cell disease: The abnormal hemoglobin formed in sickle cell disease results from a substitution mutation of a single amino acid. This mutation causes the deoxygenated hemoglobin to clump and become abnormally rigid. The rigidity of the defective hemoglobin deforms the pliable red blood cell membrane and causes erythrocytes to take on sickled or half-moon appearance. The degree of sickling that occurs is determined by the amount of abnormal hemoglobin within the red blood cell and only occurs when the abnormal hemoglobin is deoxygenated. As a result of their elongated shape and rigidity, affected blood cells do not pass easily through narrow blood vessels. Hemolysis of sickled red blood cells is also common. The spleen is a major site of red cell hemolysis since the blood vessels found within this organ are narrow and convoluted. As a result of the sluggish blood flow, many tissues and organs of the body are eventually affected by this disorder. Specific manifestations may include the following: Impaired oxygen-carrying capacity resulting in fatigue, pallor Occlusion of blood vessels leading to ischemia, hypoxia, pain Organ damage Splenomegaly due to increased destruction of red blood cells in this organ Jaundice as a result of increased amounts of hemoglobin released into circulation Increased risk of infection and possible septicemia due to stagnation of blood Thalassemia Thalassemia is a genetic disorder characterized by absent or defective production of hemoglobin ÃŽÂ ± or ÃŽÂ ² chains. As with sickle cell anemia, afflicted individuals may be heterozygous for the trait and have a milder presentation of the disease or homozygous and have a more severe form of the disorder. The ÃŽÂ ² form of thalassemia (defective formation of ÃŽÂ ² hemoglobin chains) is most common in individuals from Mediterranean populations, whereas the ÃŽÂ ± form of thalassemia (defective formation of ÃŽÂ ± hemoglobin chains) occurs mostly in Asians. Both the ÃŽÂ ± and ÃŽÂ ² forms of thalassemia are common in blacks. Manifestations of thalassemia In heterozygous individuals enough normal hemoglobin is usually synthesized to prevent significant anemia. In these individuals symptoms of anemia may appear only with exercise or physiologic stress. Homozygous individuals are often dependent on frequent transfusions to treat the resulting severe anemia. Children affected with the homozygous form may suffer severe growth retardation. The widespread hypoxia that can result from impaired oxygen-carrying capacity leads to erythropoietin-induced increases in hematopoiesis that can eventually affect the structure of the long bones. Severe anemia may also lead to congestive heart failure and marked hepatosplenomegaly. Excessive hemolysis of red blood cells may occur in severe forms of the disease due to overproduction of the normal hemoglobin subunit. Iron deposits from increased absorption and frequent transfusions may injure the liver and heart as well. Treatment of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia Individuals with inherited anemia should avoid physiologic stresses that might exacerbate hypoxia. Infections should be avoided and promptly treated if they occur to prevent a possible hypoxic crisis. Proper immunizations and vaccinations should be administered to lessen the chance of infection. Frequent transfusions of normal erythrocytes are commonly used in individuals with severe forms of inherited anemia during periods of crisis. These individuals are at risk for iron accumulation as well as contracting blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis and HIV from improperly screened blood. Bone marrow transplant may be utilized effectively to cure patients with genetic anemias; however, the procedure carries considerable risk of its own. Aplastic anemia Aplastic anemia results from a lack of red blood cell production by the bone marrow. If erythrocyte stem cell precursors are lacking or destroyed, the process of erythropoiesis will be severely impaired. Aplastic anemia may result from a congenital defect in stem cell production or can be caused by exposure to agents that damage the bone marrow such as Chemicals (organic solvents, heavy metals), radiation, toxins, HIV infection, chemotherapeutic drugs and certain antibiotics (Chloramphenicol). Drug-induced aplastic anemia is usually a dose-dependent phenomenon. The clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia will depend on the extent to which hematopoiesis is impaired. General symptoms of anemia such as pallor, fatigue and lethargy can occur initially. Bleeding in the skin and from the nose, mouth and body orifices may also occur from a lack of platelet production by the abnormal bone marrow. Increased susceptibility to infection is also seen as a result of diminished white blood cell production. The underlying cause of the aplastic anemia needs to be identified and further exposure prevented. Treatment should also include avoidance of physiologic stresses and infection. Transfusions are effective for temporarily improving oxygen-carrying capacity. In severe cases, bone marrow transplant may offer a cure. Polycythemia Polycythemia is a disorder in which the number of red blood cells in circulation is greatly increased. There are two categories of polycythemia: relative and primary. Relative polycythemia results from an increase in the concentration of red blood cells due to a loss of plasma volume. In contrast, primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) is caused by excessive proliferation of bone marrow stem cells. Polycythemia vera is a rare neoplastic disorder that occurs in men between the ages of 40 and 60. A secondary form of polycythemia may occur from excess erythropoietin production as a physiologic response to hypoxia. Secondary polycythemia may be seen in individuals living at high altitudes, in chronic smokers or in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Manifestations Increased blood volume and viscosity Increased risk of thrombus Occlusion of small blood vessels Hepatosplenomegaly from pooling of blood Impaired blood flow to tissues (ischemia) Treatment Increasing fluid volume in relative polycythemia Periodic removal of blood to reduce viscosity and volume in primary polycythemia Chemotherapy or radiation to suppress activity of bone marrow stem cells in polycythemia vera Thrombocytopenia (Purpura) Thrombocytopenia represents a decrease in the number of circulating platelets (usually less than 100,000/mm3). It can result from decreased platelet production by the bone marrow, increased pooling of platelets in the spleen, or decreased platelet survival caused by immune or nonimmune mechanisms. Dilutional thrombocytopenia can result from massive transfusions because blood stored for more that 24 hours has virtually no platelets. Decreased platelet production can result from suppression or failure of bone marrow function, such as occurs in aplastic anemia, or from replacement of bone marrow by malignant cells, such as occurs in leukemia. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppresses the production of megakaryocytes. Radiation therapy and drugs such as those used in the treatment of cancer may suppress bone marrow function and reduce platelet production. There may be normal production of platelets but excessive pooling of platelets in the spleen. The spleen normally sequesters approximately 30% to 40% of the platelets. However, as much as 80% of the platelets can be sequestered when the spleen is enlarged (splenomegaly). Splenomegaly occurs in cirrhosis with portal hypertension and in lymphomas. Decreased platelet survival is an important cause of thrombocytopenia. In many cases, premature destruction of platelets is caused by antiplatelet antibodies or immune complexes. The antibodies can be directed against self-antigens (autoimmunity) or against nonself platelet antigens (from blood transfusions). Autoimmune thrombocytopenias include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and HIV-associated thrombocytopenias. Decreased platelet survival may also occur as the result of mechanical injury associated with prosthetic heart valves. Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia Some drugs, such as quinine, quinidine, and certain sulfa-containing antibiotics, may induce thrombocytopenia. These drugs act as a hapten and induce antigen-antibody response and formation of immune complexes that cause platelet destruction by complement-mediated lysis. In persons with drug-associated thrombocytopenia, there is a rapid fall in platelet count within 2 to 3 days of resuming use of a drug or 7 or more days (i.e., the time needed to mount an immune response) after starting use of a drug for the first time. The platelet count rises rapidly after the drug use is discontinued. The anticoagulant drug heparin has been increasingly implicated in thrombocytopenia and, paradoxically, in thrombosis. The complications typically occur 5 days after the start of therapy and result from production of heparin-dependent antiplatelet antibodies that cause aggregation of platelets and their removal from the circulation. The antibodies often bind to vessel walls, causing injury and thrombosis. The newer, low-molecular-weight heparin has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of heparin-induced complications compared with the older, high-molecular-weight form of the drug. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an autoimmune disorder, results in platelet antibody formation and excess destruction of platelets. The IgG antibody binds to two identified membrane glycoproteins while in the circulation. The platelets, which are made more susceptible to phagocytosis because of the antibody, are destroyed in the spleen. Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is more common in children and usually follows a viral infection. It is characterized by sudden onset of petechiae and purpura and is a self-limited disorder with no treatment. In contrast, the chronic form is usually seen in adults and seldom follows an infection. It is a disease of young people, with a peak incidence between the ages of 20 and 50 years, and is seen twice as often in women as in men. It may be associated with other immune disorders such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or systemic lupus erythematosus. The condition occasionally presents precipitously with signs of bleeding, often into the skin (i.e., purpura and petechiae) or oral mucosa. There is commonly a history of bruising, bleeding from gums, epistaxis (i.e., nosebleeds), and abnormal menstrual bleeding. Because the spleen is the site of platelet destruction, splenic enlargement may occur. Diagnosis usually is based on severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts Treatment includes the initial use of corticosteroid drugs, often followed by splenectomy and the use of immunosuppressive agents. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TPP) is a combination of thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, signs of vascular occlusion, fever, and neurologic abnormalities. The onset is abrupt, and the outcome may be fatal. Widespread vascular occlusions consist of thrombi in arterioles and capillaries of many organs, including the heart, brain, and kidneys. Erythrocytes become fragmented as they circulate through the partly occluded vessels and cause the hemolytic anemia. The clinical manifestations include purpura and petechiae and neurologic symptoms ranging from headache to seizures and altered consciousness. Although TTP may have diverse causes, the initiating event seems to be widespread endothelial damage and activation of intravascular thrombosis. Toxins produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli (e.g., E. coli O157:H7) are a trigger for endothelial damage and an associated condition called the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Treatment for TTP includes plasmapheresis, a procedure that involves removal of plasma from withdrawn blood and replacement with fresh-frozen plasma. The treatment is continued until remission occurs. With plasmapheresis treatment, there is a complete recovery in 80% to 90% of cases. Fibrinogen Deficiency Factor I (or fibrinogen) deficiency is a very rare inherited disorder with complications that vary with the severity of the disorder. It is not well known, even among health professionals. Discovery Factor I deficiency was described for the first time in 1920 by Fritz Rabe and Eugene Salomon. These two German physicians are credited with discovering the disorder. They studied the case of a 9-year-old boy who presented unexplained bleeding problems from birth. Blood tests finally demonstrated the absence of fibrinogen in the childs blood. His parents were first cousins, but they showed no bleeding problems. The two researchers established that it was an inherited disorder often found in subjects whose parents were blood relatives. Since then, knowledge about the condition has advanced considerably. What is Fibrinogen? Fibrinogen, also called Factor I, is a blood plasma protein produced by the liver that plays an important role in blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is a process in which several components of the blood form a clot. When blood escapes from a rupture in a blood vessel, coagulation is triggered. Several proteins, called coagulation factors, go into action to produce thrombin. The thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin produced from fibrinogen is the main protein in a blood clot. It surrounds the cells in the blood and plasma and helps form the clot. The resulting clot, which is stabilized by Factor XIII, remains intact from 10 to 14 days, the time required for healing to take place. When there is a problem with fibrinogen, i.e., either it is missing or it does not function properly, the clot has difficulty forming. This can result in hemorrhaging or thrombosis. The normal volume of fibrinogen in the blood is from 2 to 4 g/l (grams/litre). The amount of fibrinogen in blood can be measured from a blood sample. The following diagram was devised by a Toronto laboratory technician. It shows the stages in clot formation in a way that makes it easier to understand the theoretical notions explained above. Types of Fibrinogen Deficiency There are three types of deficiency: Afibrinogenemia: (absence of fibrinogen) In this type of factor I deficiency, there is a complete absence of fibrinogen. The fibrinogen level is Hypofibrinogenemia (lower than normal level) Dysfibrinogenemia (improper functioning) Transmission of Fibrinogen Deficiency Fibrinogen deficiency is a very rare inherited bleeding disorder. It is transmitted from parent to child at conception. The disorder is caused by an abnormal gene. It affects both men and women, as well as people of all races and ethnic origins. Every cell of the body contains chromosomes. A chromosome is a long chain of a substance called DNA. DNA is organized in 30,000 units: these are called genes. The genes determine physical characteristics, such as eye colour. In the case of fibrinogen deficiency, one of the genes involved is defective. The defective gene in fibrinogen deficiency is located on a chromosome that is not responsible for the childs sex (autosomal). As a result, both girls and boys can be affected equally. Afibrinogenemia (absence of fibrinogen) This is a recessive disorder, which means that both parents must be carriers. In order for a person to inherit fibrinogen deficiency, he must receive two defective genes, one from the mother and the other from the father. A carrier is a person who has only one of the two defective genes, but is not affected by the disorder: the second gene enables just enough fibrinogen to be made for good coagulation. The fibrinogen level will be lower than normal, but there will be no symptoms of the disorder. Hypofibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia These are inherited disorders that can be either dominant or recessive. Dominant means that a single parent can transmit the disorder if he or she is a carrier. Recessive means that both parents must be carriers of the disorder in order to transmit it. Symptoms Afibrinogenemia (absence of fibrinogen) In congenital afibrinogenemia (fibrinogen level Other types of bleeding have been described: bruises bleeding from the gums epistaxis (nosebleeds) gastrointestinal hemorrhage genito-urinary hemorrhage intra-cranial hemorrhage rupture of the spleen and hemorrhage in the spleen About 20% of those suffering from afibrinogenemia present hemarthroses (bleeding in the joints). Because of this particular feature, the disorder may be confused with hemophilia A or B. Hypofibrinogenemia (lower than normal level) Bleeding in hypofibrinogenemia is much like what is seen in afibrinogenemia. It can be more or less serious, depending on fibrinogen levels, which can vary from 0.2 to 0.8 g/L of plasma. The higher the fibrinogen level, the less bleeding. The lower the fibrinogen level, the more bleeding. Dysfibrinogenemia (improper functioning) In dysfibrinogenemia, the quantity of fibrinogen is normal, which means between 2 and 4 g/L. Bleeding can vary depending on how the fibrinogen is functioning. Bleeding may: be absent (no symptoms) show a tendency toward hemorrhage (as described in afibrinogenemia) show a tendency toward thrombosis How to Recognize Bleeding It is strongly recommended that people who suffer from afibrinogenemia or severe hypofibrinogenemia learn to recognize the signs and symptoms of bleeding that could threaten their lives or the integrity of a limb, so they can react adequately and in a reasonable time. The information below describes the main types of bleeding that may occur in someone with a coagulation disorder. Bleeding that affects the head, neck, thorax (chest) or abdomen can be life-threatening and may require immediate medical attention. Bear in mind that this kind of bleeding can occur either following an injury or spontaneously (without injury). Head The brain, which is protected by the skull, controls all bodily functions that are essential to life. Bleeding in the brain is very serious. Signs and symptoms: Heada

Bacons Rebellion Essay -- American History Nathaniel Bacon Papers

Bacon's Rebellion Sometimes there comes an event in American History in which no one knows exactly why it happened. What the motives of the event were are left to the interpretation of the historian doing the research. Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 was on such event. Wilcomb E. Washburn’s view is precise when he states, â€Å" Bacon’s Rebellion. . .was an event on which observers could agree on the facts, but divide on the interpretation.† Historians have been picking into peoples’ accounts and versions of the legend for over 3 centuries, but never coming to a common conclusion. One fact is for sure and that is that the rebellion, known as Bacon’s, was what was going to pave the way towards Revolution of British Authority. In this paper I will look at one aspect that I feel was the motivation behind one individual's defiance to authority and the need to take matters regarding Indian relations into his own hands. Bacon was the kind of person to take what he thought was right into his own hands, even if it meant that he was breaking the law. In his eyes he was doing right and if he did not have the official support, he was going to do it anyway. On the other side was the feeble and zealous Governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley. The Rebellion was also called, â€Å" the first protest against royal authority in America.† Sir William Berkeley was the second cousin of Bacon. Not wanting for the relations with the Indians to deteriorate, Berkeley did not thirst for an all out war in order to control the growing Indian crisis. He believed that the Indians should be punished for killing the settlers and wreaking havoc on their lives, however, not in the magnitude that Bacon had ... ...ution-an HTML Project. Accessed on 7 October 2000. Available at http://odur.let.rug.n1/~usa/D/1651-1700/bacon_rebel/berke.htm Mooy, Age. â€Å"Bacon’s Declaration in the Name of the People (30 July 1676)†, The American Revolution-an HTML Project. Accessed on 7 October 2000. Available at http://odur.let.rug.n1/~us/D/1651-1700/bacon_rebel/bacon.htm Washburn, Wilcomb E. The Governor and The Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1957. Webb, Stephen Saunders. 1676: The End of American Independence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1984. Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson. Torchbearer of the Revolution: The Story of Bacon’s Rebellion and its Leader. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1940. William & Mary College Historical Magazine. Vol. 9, Issue I. (July, 1900) Bacon's Rebellion Essay -- American History Nathaniel Bacon Papers Bacon's Rebellion Sometimes there comes an event in American History in which no one knows exactly why it happened. What the motives of the event were are left to the interpretation of the historian doing the research. Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 was on such event. Wilcomb E. Washburn’s view is precise when he states, â€Å" Bacon’s Rebellion. . .was an event on which observers could agree on the facts, but divide on the interpretation.† Historians have been picking into peoples’ accounts and versions of the legend for over 3 centuries, but never coming to a common conclusion. One fact is for sure and that is that the rebellion, known as Bacon’s, was what was going to pave the way towards Revolution of British Authority. In this paper I will look at one aspect that I feel was the motivation behind one individual's defiance to authority and the need to take matters regarding Indian relations into his own hands. Bacon was the kind of person to take what he thought was right into his own hands, even if it meant that he was breaking the law. In his eyes he was doing right and if he did not have the official support, he was going to do it anyway. On the other side was the feeble and zealous Governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley. The Rebellion was also called, â€Å" the first protest against royal authority in America.† Sir William Berkeley was the second cousin of Bacon. Not wanting for the relations with the Indians to deteriorate, Berkeley did not thirst for an all out war in order to control the growing Indian crisis. He believed that the Indians should be punished for killing the settlers and wreaking havoc on their lives, however, not in the magnitude that Bacon had ... ...ution-an HTML Project. Accessed on 7 October 2000. Available at http://odur.let.rug.n1/~usa/D/1651-1700/bacon_rebel/berke.htm Mooy, Age. â€Å"Bacon’s Declaration in the Name of the People (30 July 1676)†, The American Revolution-an HTML Project. Accessed on 7 October 2000. Available at http://odur.let.rug.n1/~us/D/1651-1700/bacon_rebel/bacon.htm Washburn, Wilcomb E. The Governor and The Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1957. Webb, Stephen Saunders. 1676: The End of American Independence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1984. Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson. Torchbearer of the Revolution: The Story of Bacon’s Rebellion and its Leader. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1940. William & Mary College Historical Magazine. Vol. 9, Issue I. (July, 1900)

What the Bible Says About Gambling

What Does the Bible Say About Gambling? Surprisingly, the Bible contains no specific command to avoid gambling. However, the Bible does contain timeless principles for living a life pleasing to God and is filled with wisdom to deal with every situation, including gambling. Answer: Throughout the Old and New Testaments, we read about people casting lots when a decision had to be made. In most instances, this was simply a way of determining something impartially: Joshua then cast lots for them in Shiloh in the presence of the LORD, and there he distributed the land to the Israelites according to their tribal divisions. Joshua 18:10, NIV) Casting lots was common among many ancient cultures. Roman soldiers cast lots for Jesus' garments at his crucifixion: â€Å"Let's not tear it,† they said to one another. â€Å"Let's decide by lot who will get it. † This happened that the scripture might be fulfilled which said, â€Å"They divided my garments among them and cast lots for my clothing. † So this is what the soldiers did. (John 19:24, NIV) Does the Bible Mention Gambling? Although the words â€Å"gambling† and â€Å"gamble† do not appear in the Bible, we cannot assume that an activity is not a sin simply because it is not mentioned.Looking at pornography on the Internet and using illegal drugs are not mentioned either, but both violate God's laws. While casinos and lotteries promise thrills and excitement, obviously people gamble to try to win money. Scripture gives very specific instructions about what our attitude should be toward money: Whoever loves money never has money enough; whoever loves wealth is never satisfied with his income. This too is meaningless. (Ecclesiastes 5:10, NIV) â€Å"No servant can serve two masters. [Jesus said. ] Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other.You cannot serve both God and money. † (Luke 16:13, NIV) For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. Some people, eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many griefs. (1 Timothy 6:10, NIV) Gambling is a way to bypass work, but the Bible counsels us to persevere and work hard: Lazy hands make a man poor, but diligent hands bring wealth. (Proverbs 10:4, NIV) One of the key principles in the Bible is that people should be wise stewards of everything God gives them, including their time, talent and treasure.Gamblers may believe they earn their money with their own labor and may spend it as they please, yet God gives people the talent and health to carry out their jobs, and their very life is a gift from him as well. Wise stewardship of extra money calls believers to invest it in the Lord’s work or to save it for an emergency, rather than lose it in games in which the odds are stacked against the player. Gamblers covet more money, but they may also covet the things money can buy, such as cars, boats, houses, expensive j ewelry and clothing. The Bible forbids a covetous attitude in the Tenth Commandment: â€Å"You shall not covet your neighbor's house.You shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor. † (Exodus 20:17, NIV) Gambling also has the potential to turn into an addiction, like drugs or alcohol. According to the National Council on Problem Gambling, 2 million U. S. adults are pathological gamblers and another 4 to 6 million are problem gamblers. This addiction can destroy the stability of the family, lead to job loss, and cause a person to lose control of their life: †¦for a man is a slave to whatever has mastered him. 2 Peter 2:19) Some argue that gambling is nothing more than entertainment, no more immoral than going to a movie or concert. People who attend movies or concerts expect only entertainment in return, however, not money. They are not tempted to keep spending until they â€Å"break even. † Finally, gambling provides a sense of false hope. Participants place their hope in winning, often against astronomical odds, instead of placing their hope in God. Throughout the Bible, we are constantly reminded that our hope is in God alone, not money, power, or position: Find rest, O my soul, in God alone; my hope comes from him. Psalm 62:5, NIV) May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him, so that you may overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit. (Romans 15:13, NIV) Command those who are rich in this present world not to be arrogant nor to put their hope in wealth, which is so uncertain, but to put their hope in God, who richly provides us with everything for our enjoyment. (1 Timothy 6:17, NIV) Some Christians believe that church raffles, bingos and the like to raise funds for Christian education and ministries are harmless fun, a form of donation involving a game.Their logic is that, as with alcohol, an adult should act respon sibly. In those circumstances, it seems unlikely someone would lose a large amount of money. God's Word is No Gamble Every leisure activity is not a sin, but all sin is not clearly listed in the Bible. Added to that, God doesn't just want us not to sin, but he gives us an even higher goal. The Bible encourages us to consider our activities in this way: â€Å"Everything is permissible for me†Ã¢â‚¬â€but not everything is beneficial. â€Å"Everything is permissible for me†Ã¢â‚¬â€but I will not be mastered by anything. 1 Corinthians 6:12, NIV) This verse appears again in 1 Corinthians 10:23, with the addition of this idea: â€Å"Everything is permissible†Ã¢â‚¬â€but not everything is constructive. † When an activity is not distinctly described as sin in the Bible, we can ask ourselves these questions: â€Å"Is this activity beneficial for me or will it become my master? Will participation in this activity be constructive or destructive to my Christian life and witness? † The Bible does not explicitly say, â€Å"Thou shalt not play blackjack. † Yet by gaining a thorough knowledge of the Scriptures we have a trustworthy guide for determining what pleases and displeases God.